In this Thursday, Nov. 5, 2015, photo, migrants wait for food and water distribution as they wait to be allowed to cross to Austria, in Sentilj, Slovenia. With the European Union estimating that three million more migrants will arrive in Europe over the next year, the patience of Slovenians, traditionally known for tolerance, is wearing thin. Their government announced Tuesday, Nov. 10, 2015, that a fence will be put up to control the flow, although not completely to stop it. (AP Photo/Darko Bandic)
VALLETTA, Malta -- European leaders scrambled Thursday to keep their passport-free travel zone from collapsing, after Germany, Sweden and Slovenia acted on their own to tighten borders or erect fences to slow the relentless influx of people marching into Europe.
A two-day summit held on the Mediterranean island of Malta was meant to focus on how to send back to Africa those who don't qualify for asylum and discourage others from attempting the risky journey across the seas in search of a better life.
But the gathering of European Union and African leaders quickly became overshadowed by fears that one of Europe's prized benefits - the ease of travel through its Schengen passport-free area - was unraveling.
"Saving Schengen is a race against time," EU Council President Donald Tusk warned.
He cited individual moves by Germany, Sweden, Slovenia and other EU nations in response to what they see as threats to their border security from the tens of thousands of asylum-seekers who have been streaming in from Africa, the Middle East and Asia.
"Without effective control of our external borders, Schengen will not survive," Tusk said. "We must hurry, but without panic."
The Schengen travel zone involves 30 nations, including some not in the European Union.
Tusk's remarks came at the end of a migration summit between EU and African leaders, where they signed up to an action plan of short and longer term measures to halt the flow of Africans coming to Europe and steps to send back those who don't qualify for asylum.
They also signed on to an emergency package of migration aid worth 1.8 billion euros ($1.9 billion) that select African nations will be able to use.
The Europeans quickly huddled after the summit for informal talks about how to cope with their biggest refugee emergency in decades. The bloc estimates that up to 3 million more people could arrive in Europe seeking sanctuary or jobs by 2017.
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban - who ordered an anti-migrant fence to be built on his nation's borders with Serbia and Croatia - called migration a "lose-lose" phenomenon.
"The solution is to have people have a decent life in the country where they were born. It's impossible to do without money," he told reporters at the Malta summit.
The mass influx to Europe has overwhelmed border authorities and countries simply to do not have the capacity to accommodate everyone.
Sweden - with the highest number of migrants per capita in Europe - reintroduced border controls on Thursday, and its leader defended the move.
"When our authorities tell us we cannot guarantee the security and control of our borders, we need to listen," Prime Minister Stefan Lofven said.
Lofven said his EU partners understand the move and called for an overhaul of the rules governing Europe's passport-free area.
"We need another system. That is obvious," he said.
Tensions were also high Thursday in the Balkans, as Slovenia continued to erect a razor-wire fence on its border with Croatia to hold back the migrant influx.
The two countries have a long-standing territorial dispute dating back to the wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, and Croatia believes the border fence is encroaching on its soil. Their leaders are to meet later Thursday to try to calm the row.
Slovenia says it is being overwhelmed by the arrival of more than 180,000 asylum-seekers moving toward Western Europe since mid-October.
BY FRANCES D'EMILIO AND LORNE COOK - Nov 12, 8:23 AM EST
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